• - بِسْمِ اللهِ الرَّحْمنِ الرَّحِيمِ -
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  • ALLAH, The Creator
    • Mankind Know ALLAH
    • Who is ALLAH?
    • ALLAH: Must know Attributes
    • ALLAH: Gratitude To ALLAH
    • ALLAH: Never Unjust
    • [1:2] ALLAH
    • I Love ALLAH >
      • ALLAH is One
      • ALLAH Is ..... Infinite
      • ALLAH [1A]
      • ALLAH [1B]
      • ALLAH [1C]
      • ALLAH [2]
      • ALLAH [3]
      • ALLAH [4]
      • ALLAH [5]
      • ALLAH [6]
      • ALLAH [7]
      • ALLAH [8]
      • ALLAH [9]
      • ALLAH [10]
      • ALLAH [11]
      • ALLAH [12]
      • ALLAH [13]
      • ALLAH [14]
      • ALLAH [15]
      • ALLAH [16]
      • ALLAH [17]
      • ALLAH [18]
      • ALLAH [19]
      • ALLAH [20]
      • ALLAH [21]
      • ALLAH [22]
      • ALLAH [23]
      • ALLAH [24]
      • ALLAH [25]
  • QURAN-AL-MUBEEN: Introduction
  • ALLAH'S Names
    • ALLAH: The Name of God
    • ALLAH: Names Explained
    • ALLAH: The Attributes
    • ALLAH: Ar-Rahman
    • ALLAH: Ar-Rahim
    • ALLAH: Ar-Rahman Ar-Rahim
    • [Ur] AR-RAHMAN AR-RAHEEM
    • ALLAH: Al-Kareem
    • ALLAH: Al-Khaliq
    • [Ur] AL-KHALIQ
    • ALLAH: Al-Malik
    • ALLAH: As-Salam
    • [Ur] AS-SALAM
    • ALLAH: Al-Bari
    • [Ur] AL-BARI
    • ALLAH: Al-Quddous
    • ALLAH: Al-Mumin
    • ALLAH: Al-Muhaimin
    • ALLAH: Al-Musawwir
    • ALLAH: Al-Aziz
    • ALLAH: Al-Jabbar
    • ALLAH: Al-Mutakabbir
    • [Ur] AL-MUTAKABBIR
    • ALLAH: Ar-Rafi
    • ALLAH: Al-Ghaffar
    • ALLAH: Al-Qahhar
    • ALLAH: Al-Wahhab
    • ALLAH: Ar-Razzaq
    • ALLAH: Al-Fattah
    • ALLAH: Al-'Alim
    • ALLAH: Al-Qabid
    • ALLAH: Al-Basit
    • ALLAH: Al-'Adl
    • ALLAH: Al-Basir
    • ALLAH: Al-Mudhill
    • ALLAH: As-Samî'
    • ALLAH: Al-Lateef
    • ALLAH: Al-'Azim
    • ALLAH: Al-Kabir
    • ALLAH: Al-Hakim
    • ALLAH: Al-Haleem
    • ALLAH: Al-Ghafoor
    • ALLAH: Ash-Shakour
    • ALLAH: Al-Haseeb
    • ALLAH: Al-Haqq
    • ALLAH: Al-Wadoud
    • ALLAH: Al-Mujeeb
    • ALLAH: Al-Wasi
    • ALLAH: Al-Mummit
    • ALLAH: Al-Wakil
    • ALLAH: Ar-Raqib
    • ALLAH: Al-Jalil
    • ALLAH: Al-Hamid
    • ALLAH: Al-Hafiz
    • ALLAH: Al-Hakim
    • ALLAH: Al-Khafid
    • ALLAH: Al-Muizz
    • ALLAH: Al-Muqit
    • ALLAH: Al-Qawi
    • ALLAH: Al-Wadud
    • ALLAH: Al-Ali
    • ALLAH: Al-Majid
    • ALLAH: Al-Ba'ith
    • ALLAH: Al-Matin
    • ALLAH: Al-Wali
    • ALLAH: Al-Muhsi
    • ALLAH: Al-Mubdi
    • ALLAH: Al-Muid
    • ALLAH: Al-Muhyi
    • ALLAH: Al-Qayyum
    • ALLAH: Al-Wajid
    • ALLAH: Al-Ahad/Al-Wahid
    • ALLAH: As-Samad
    • ALLAH: Al-Qadir
    • ALLAH: Al-Muqtadir
    • ALLAH: Al-Muqaddim
    • ALLAH: Al-Muakhkhir
    • ALLAH: Al-Awwal
    • [Ur] AL-AWWAL
    • ALLAH: Al-Khabir
    • ALLAH: Al-Akhir
    • ALLAH: Az-Zahir
    • ALLAH: Al-Batin
    • ALLAH: Al-Mutaali
    • ALLAH: Al-Barr
    • ALLAH: At-Tawwab
    • ALLAH: Al-Muntaqim
    • ALLAH: Al-Afu
    • ALLAH: Ar-Ra'uf
    • ALLAH: Al-Muqsit
    • ALLAH: Malik Al-Mulk
    • ALLAH: Dhul-Jalali Wal-Ikram
    • ALLAH: Al-Jami
    • ALLAH: Al-Ghani
    • ALLAH: Al-Mughni
    • ALLAH: Al-Mani
    • ALLAH: Ad-Darr
    • ALLAH: An-Nafi
    • ALLAH: An-Nur
    • ALLAH: al-Hadi
    • ALLAH: Al-Badi
    • ALLAH: Al-Baqi
    • ALLAH: Al-Warith
    • ALLAH: Ar-Rashid
    • ALLAH: As-Sabur
  • ALLAH: How to tell People about ALLAH
  • ALLAH'S QURAN
    • What is The Quran?
    • QURAN: The Introduction
    • This is The BOOK
    • ALLAH'S QURAN: ALLAH'S Final Revelation
    • ALLAH, THE EXALTED, NAMED THE QURAN THUS:
    • ALLAH'S Quran: Untranslatable
    • QURAN: How Do We Know the Quran is Unchanged?
    • ALLAH'S Quran: The Amazing Quran
    • Quran: "Do not be Fooled"
  • QURAN: Explained By The Prophet of Islam (pbuh)
    • Chapter [1] al-Fatihah >
      • [1:1-7] AL-FATIHAH
      • [1:5] THEE do we Serve
    • Chapter [2] al-Baqarah >
      • [2:2-5] The Glorious Book of Guidance
      • [2:21] O Mankind, Worship your LORD
      • [2:39] ALLAH'S Unalterable Decree
      • [2:45] Never Forget To Pray To ALLAH
      • [2:129; 2:151; 3:164] Prophet Abraham's Prayer for The Teacher
      • [2:136] ALLAH, The Exalted Command: No Distinction Among Messengers
      • [2:142] ALLAH Guides whom HE Wills
      • [2:152] Remember ALLAH and ALLAH Will Remember you
      • [2:153] ALLAH, With The Patient
      • [2:155] Hardship a Test from ALLAH
      • [2:155] Glad Tiddings for The Steadfast in Adversity
      • [2:156] Truly, To ALLAH we Belong
      • [2:183-185; 187] Ramadan! A Glorious Observance, Enjoined
      • [2:193] Persecution Forbidden by ALLAH
      • [2:201] Our LORD Grant us what is Good
      • [2:215] Blessed is The Wealth of a Believer
      • [2:225] ALLAH'S Rewards, according to Intentions
      • [2:261] ALLAH Reimburses Manyfold
      • [2:262] Spend in ALLAH'S Way, ALLAH Will Spend on you
      • [2:268-269] Satan threatens poverty, ALLAH Grants Bounties
    • Chapter [3] al-Imran >
      • [3:8] Our LORD! Cause Not Our Hearts To Go Astray
      • [3:16-17] Those Saved from Hell-Fire
      • [3:79] Faithful Servants of ALLAH, Learn and Teach The BOOK
      • [3:89] ALLAH, The Exalted, All Forgiving, All Merciful
      • [3:92] No Righteousness until you spend from what you love most
      • [3:122] In ALLAH Alone, Believers put their Trust
      • [3:133] Excel In Seeking ALLAH'S Forgiveness
      • [3:134] Moral Excellence and The Benevolence of The Heart
      • [3:139] Do Not Loose Heart or Grieve
      • [3:175] Fear ALLAH Alone, If Indeed you are Believers
      • [3:185] Full Recompense for Everyone on The Day of Judgement
      • [3:189] ALLAH Has Power over all Things/Matters
      • [3:200] ALLAH, The Exalted, Commands Endurance
    • Chapter [4] an-Nisa >
      • [4:31] ALLAH, The Exalted, Erases Small Sins, if you .......
      • [4:34] Violence Against Spouses, Forbidden in Islam
      • [4:36] Serve ALLAH, Alone
      • [4:36] Foundations of Moral Excellence
      • [4:40] No Injustice from ALLAH
      • [4:58] ALLAH'S Command: Be Just
      • [4:59] Obey ALLAH and HIS Messenger
      • [4:69] All those who Obey ALLAH and HIS Messenger
      • [4:86] Acknowledge The Greeting, more Courteously
      • [4:92-93] Killing of Innocents, Earns ALLAH'S Eternal Wrath
      • [4:118-119] Satan Tempts Believers with False Desires
      • [4:122] Righteous Deeds Essential for Entry To Paradise
      • [4:135] Believers! Be Upholders and standard-bearers of Justice
      • [4:136] Deniers Far Astray
      • [4:152] Make No Distinction between ALLAH'S Messengers
    • Chapter [5] al-Maidah >
      • [5:32] Killing of Innocents, Prohibited By ALLAH, The Exalted
      • [5:67] Your Duty is to Convey - Upon ALLAH is The Reckoning
    • Chapter [6] al-An'am >
      • [6:12] ALLAH Has Willed Upon Himself, The Law of Grace and Mercy
      • [6:54] ALLAH, The Exalted, Has Willed upon Himself, The Law of Grace and Mercy
      • [6:82] and [31:13] Companion's Question and ALLAH'S Answer
    • Chapter [7] al-A'raf >
      • [7:56] Invoke ALLAH, for Forgiveness, with Reverence, Hope and Expectation
      • [7:157] Prophet of Islam's Coming Foretold in Earlier Revelations
      • [7:158] ALLAH'S Command: Follow The Messenger
      • [7:158] ALLAH'S Warning To Disbelievers: Stop Oppression of Believers
    • Chapter [8] al-Anfal >
      • [8:73] ALLAH'S Command! Believers, Be Protectors of one another
    • Chapter [9] at-Taubah >
      • [9:20] Those Praised By ALLAH and The Prophet
      • [9:31] They have taken others as Lords, Besides ALLAH
      • [9:71] Believers! Protecting Friends of One Another
      • [9:101] Destiny of Hypocrites
      • [9:119] ALLAH'S Command! Be Truthful, of The Truthful, with The Truthful
      • [9:122] ALLAH'S Command: Learn, Understand, Embrace and Teach ALLAH'S Quran
      • [9:128] Prophet (pbuh) with Guidance and Knowledge for Mankind
    • Chapter [10] Yunus >
      • [10:104] Declaration of The Prophet of Islam (pbuh)
    • Chapter [11] Hud >
      • [11:114] Good Deeds Erase Bad Deeds
    • Chapter [12] Yusuf >
      • [12:108] Let there be a Community of you, calling others to Good ........
    • Chapter [13] ar-Ra'd >
      • [13:11] ALLAH, Does not Change a Peoples Lot ..................
    • Chapter [14] Ibrahim >
      • [14:1] ALLAH'S Command To The Prophet! Bring Mankind To The Path of The Mighty
      • [14:11] In ALLAH Alone, should The believers put their Trust
    • Chapter [16] an-Nahl >
      • [16:29] Evil Indeed is The Abode of The Arrogant
      • [16:51] WORSHIP AND FEAR ALLAH, ALONE
      • [16:88] Torment for Hypocrites and Beguilers, already Determined
      • [16:125] Call All To The Way of Thy LORD, With Wisdom and Beautiful Teaching
    • Chapter [17] al-Isra >
      • [17:36] Follow Not That of Which you have No Knowledge
      • [17:53] Tell My Servants To Speak in a Kind and Gracious Manner
    • Chapter [18] al-Kahf >
      • [18:7] Life of This World, a Test for The Believers
      • [18:88] ALLAH Makes Religion Easy for The Believers
    • Chapter [19] Maryam >
      • [19:76] Follow The Path of Knowledge
    • Chapter [20] Ta Ha >
      • [20:14] I AND I ALONE AM ALLAH ................
    • Chapter [21] an-Anbiya' >
      • [21:47] Not a Soul will be dealt with Unjustly
    • Chapter [24] an-Nur >
      • [24:22] Do you not wish that ALLAH Should forgive you?
      • [24:56] Establish Prayers, Pay Alms and Obey The Messenger
    • Chapter [25] al-Furqan >
      • [25:30] My LORD! My People took a Dislike To YOUR Quran
    • Chapter [27] an-Naml >
      • [27:62] Beware of The Supplication of The Oppressed
    • Chapter [28] al-Qasas >
      • [28:56]
    • Chapter [29] al-'Ankabut >
      • [29:25] Destiny of Idol Worshippers: Hellfire
      • [29:64] The Life of This World
    • Chapter [31] Luqman >
      • [31:14] Give Thanks To ME and To your Parents
    • Chapter [32] as-Sajadah >
      • [32:17] No Soul Knows What Rewards ALLAH Has in Store for it
    • Chapter [33] al-Ahzab >
      • [33:3] In ALLAH, Do Believers Put their Trust
      • [33:21] Prophet a Good Example .......... Follow The Examplar
      • [33:28-29] Good Life of The Hereafter
      • [33:35] Praise ALLAH Unremittingly
      • [33:41] Remember ALLAH Always, not just on Fridays
    • Chapter [34] Saba' >
      • [34:49] Remember ALLAH Unceasingly ....... Not Just on Fridays
    • Chapter [36] Ya Sin >
      • [36:38] Sun Traverses The Path Appointed By ALLAH, The Exalted
    • Chapter [39] az-Zumar >
      • [39:45] Grave Worship is Forbidden in Islam
      • [39:53] ALLAH'S Generosity Towards Believers
    • Chapter [40] Ghafir >
      • [40:55] [A] ALLAH'S Promise is True
      • [40:59] The Inevitable Hour of Judgement
      • [40:60] ALLAH'S Command! Invoke ME
    • Chapter [41] Fussilat >
      • [41:37] [A] Prostrate yourselves unto ALLAH; if it is HE Alone ye Worship
      • [41:37] Sun and The Moon are ALLAH'S Signs
    • Chapter [42] Ash-Shura >
      • [42:40] ALLAH, The Exalted, Rewards The Forgivers
      • [42:43] Prophet (pbuh) Witness for those who Endure with Fortitude
    • Chapter [43] az-Zukhruf >
      • [43:59] Jesus (pbuh) a Servant of ALLAH
    • Chapter [46] al-Ahqaf >
      • [46:15] Prayer of a Believer
    • Chapter [47] Muhammad >
      • [47:36] ALLAH'S Rewards; Without Price
    • Chapter [48] al-Fath >
      • [48:8] Muhammad! Messenger of Glad Tidings
      • [48:24] ALLAH Has Always Had Sight of what you do
    • Chapter [49] al-Hujurat >
      • [49:10] Believers are Brothers To One Another
      • [49:11] ALLAH'S Command! Do Not Ridicule or Defame others
      • [49:12] ALLAH'S Command! Do Not Backbite
      • [49:12] [2] ALLAH'S Command! Avoid Suspicion and Malice
      • [49:15] SHAHADA of a MUSLIM
    • Chapter [53] an-Najm >
      • [53:38] No Soul Shall Bear The Burden of another
    • Chapter [57] al-Hadid >
      • [57:19] Believers, who Declare SHAHADA, are Witnesses To The Truth
      • [57:20] Worldly Life Enjoyment of Delusion
    • Chapter [62] al-Jumu'ah >
      • [62:9] Friday Explained By The Prophet
      • [62:9] ADHAN - Muslim Call To Prayers
    • Chapter [64] at-Taghabun >
      • [64:13] In ALLAH Alone do Believers put their Trust
    • Chapter [76] al-Insan >
      • [76:8] Feed The Orphan
    • Chapter [92] al-Layl >
      • [92:5-7] For the one who gives in Charity, Path to Ease
      • [92:8-10] For The Greedy Miser, Path Towards Hardship
    • Chapter [99] az-Zalah >
      • [99:7-8] And whoever commits an atom´s worth of evil, shall see it.
    • Chapter [102] at-Takathur >
      • [102:1] Temptations of Worldly Life, Diversion from Remembrance of ALLAH
    • Chapter [112] al-Ikhlas >
      • [112:1] ALLAH, The ONE and ONLY
  • QURAN: Translation Limitations The Article
    • Quran: Translation Limitations - The Article
  • QURAN: The Blessings
    • Blessings of The Quran
    • Blessings of Surah Al-Fatihah >
      • Saying Bismillah-ir-Rahman-ir-Rahim
      • Saying Bismillāh
    • Blessings of Ayat-ul-Kursi [Verse of The Throne]
    • Blessings of The Last Two Verses of Surah Al-Baqarah
    • Blessings of Surah Al-Kahf
    • Blessings of The Month of Rajab
    • Blessings of The Month of Sha'baan
    • Blessings of The Month of Ramadan
    • Blessings of The Month of Shawwal
    • Blessings of Surah Al-Mulk, Quran Chapter 67
    • The Blessings: Surah Al-Falaq and An-Nas
  • QURAN: The Inspirations
    • AL-FATIHAH: Chapter 1 >
      • [1:1]
      • [1:2] [1]
      • [1:2] [A]
      • [1:2]
      • [1:3]
      • [1:4]
      • [1:5]
      • [1:5] [A]
      • [1:5] [1]
      • [1:6] [A]
      • [1:6]
      • [1:7]
    • AL-BAQARAH: Chapter 2 >
      • [2:2]
      • [2:2] [1]
      • [2:3] A
      • [2:3]
      • [2:6]
      • [2:8]
      • [2:11]
      • [2:11] [1]
      • [2:13]
      • [2:18]
      • [2:28]
      • [2:29]
      • [2:30]
      • [2:35]
      • [2:43]
      • [2:44]
      • [2:50]
      • [2:74]
      • [2:82] [A]
      • [2:83]
      • [2:106]
      • [2:110]
      • [2:115]
      • [2:117]
      • [2:127]
      • [2:136]
      • [2:142]
      • [2:147]
      • [2:152] [1] [FB]
      • [2:152] [2]
      • [2:152] [3]
      • [2:153] A
      • [2:153]
      • [2:154] [A]
      • [2:154]
      • [2:156]
      • [2:156-157]
      • [2:165]
      • [2:170]
      • [2:183] Ramadan
      • [2:184] Ramadan Laws
      • Ramadan Rewards
      • [2:183] [1]
      • [2:183] [2]
      • [2:186]
      • [2:195]
      • [2:195] [B]
      • [2:201]
      • [2:203]
      • [2:208]
      • [2:212]
      • [2:212] A
      • [2:213]
      • [2:201] A
      • [2:214]
      • [2:214] [1]
      • [2:214] [2]
      • [2:216]
      • [2:222] [A]
      • [2:222]
      • [2:223]
      • [2:228]
      • [2:238]
      • [2:243]
      • [2:255]
      • [2:256]
      • [2:257] [1]
      • [2:257] [A]
      • [2:257] [B]
      • [2:261]
      • [2:261] [1]
      • [2:268]
      • [2:281]
      • [2:285]
      • [2:286] [AA]
      • [2:286] [A]
      • [2:286]
    • AL-IMRAN: Chapter 3 >
      • [3:2] [A]
      • [3:2]
      • [3:5]
      • [3:6]
      • [3:8]
      • [3:9] [A]
      • [3:9]
      • [3:16] [A]
      • [3:16]
      • [3:18]
      • [3:19]
      • [3:32]
      • [3:51]
      • [3:53]
      • [3:54]
      • [3:56]
      • [3:68]
      • [3:79]
      • [3:85] [A*]
      • [3:85]
      • [3:89]
      • [3:91]
      • [3:101]
      • [3:102]
      • [3:103]
      • [3:104]
      • [3:107]
      • [3:109] A
      • [3:109]
      • [3:110]
      • [3:116]
      • [3:118]
      • [3:120]
      • [3:129]
      • [3:130-131]
      • [3:133]
      • [3:134] [1]
      • [3:134]
      • [3:135]
      • [3:139] [1]
      • [3:139]
      • [3:147]
      • [3:147] [B]
      • [3:150]
      • [3:156]
      • [3:159]
      • [3:160]
      • [3:169]
      • [3:173]
      • [3:175]
      • [3:185]
      • [3:189]
      • [3:190]
      • [3:191]
      • [3:193]
      • [3:194]
    • AN-NISA: Chapter 4 >
      • [4:1]
      • [4:28]
      • [4:34]
      • [4:36] A
      • [4:36] [Ur]
      • [4:36]
      • [4:40]
      • [4:56]
      • [4:83]
      • [4:86]
      • [4:103] [1]
      • [4:103] [2]
      • [4:103] [3]
      • [4:103] [4]
      • [4:103] [5]
      • [4:106]
      • [4:107]
      • [4:122]
      • [4:125]
      • [4:128]
      • [4:131]
      • [4:135]
      • [4:135] at Harvard
      • [4:147]
    • AL-MA'IDAH: Chapter 5 >
      • [5:2]
      • [5:3] [A]
      • [5:3]
      • [5:8]
      • [5:9]
      • [5:39]
      • [5:45]
      • [5:54]
      • [5:55]
      • [5:56]
      • [5:72]
      • [5:87]
      • [5:92]
      • [5:93]
      • [5:100]
    • AL-AN'AM: Chapter 6 >
      • [6:1]
      • [6:8]
      • [6:15]
      • [6:17]
      • [6:45]
      • [6:45] [FB]
      • [6:54]
      • [6:59]
      • [6:103]
      • [6:104]
      • [6:116]
      • [6:125]
      • [6:147]
      • [6:155]
      • [6:162]
      • [6:162] [2]
    • AL-A'RAF: Chapter 7 >
      • [7:3]
      • [7:23]
      • [7:28]
      • [7:31]
      • [7:33]
      • [7:31] [1]
      • [7:31] [A]
      • [7:34]
      • [7:47]
      • [7:52]
      • [7:55] [A]
      • [7:55]
      • [7:89]
      • [7:126] [A]
      • [7:126] A
      • [7:126]
      • [7:128]
      • [7:156]
      • [7:158]
      • [7:189]
      • [7:204]
    • AL-ANFAL: Chapter 8 >
      • [8:2] [A]
      • [8:2] [FB]
      • [8:2]
      • [8:3]
      • [8:12]
      • [8:30]
      • [8:33]
      • [8:46]
      • [8:70]
    • AT-TAUBAH: Chapter 9 >
      • [9:33]
      • [9:40]
      • [9:68]
      • [9:72]
      • [9:111]
      • [9:119] [A]
      • [9:119]
      • [9:125]
      • [9:129]
    • YUNUS: Chapter 10 >
      • [10:5]
      • [10:10]
      • [10:25]
      • [10:26]
      • [10:38]
      • [10:42]
      • [10:56]
      • [10:57]
      • [10:58]
      • [10:69]
      • [10:85-86]
      • [10:90-92]
      • [10:94]
      • [10:103]
      • [10:104]
      • [10:107]
      • [10:109]
    • HUD: Chapter 11 >
      • [11:23] [1]
      • [11:23] [2]
      • [11:23] [3]
      • [11:47]
      • [11:61]
      • [11:88] [1]
      • [11:88]
      • [11:90]
      • [11:114]
    • YUSUF: Chapter 12 >
      • [12:86]
      • [12:87] [A]
      • [12:87]
      • [12:100]
      • [12:101]
      • [12:101] [A]
    • AR-RA'D: Chapter 13 >
      • [13:13]
      • [13:15]
      • [13:15] [1]
      • [13:28]
      • [13:28] A
    • IBRAHIM: Chapter 14 >
      • [14:1]
      • [14:7]
      • [14:8]
      • [14:22] [A]
      • [14:22]
      • [14:32] [1]
      • [14:32] [A]
      • [14:32]
      • [14:34]
      • [14:39]
      • [14:40]
      • [14:41]
    • AL-HIJR: Chapter 15 >
      • [15:9]
      • [15:49]
      • [15:98-99] [1]
      • [15:98-99] [2]
    • AN-NAHL: Chapter 16 >
      • [16:18] [1]
      • [16:18]
      • [16:19]
      • [16:29]
      • [16:51]
      • [16:78]
      • [16:79] [A]
      • [16:79]
      • [16:114]
    • AL-ISRA': Chapter 17 >
      • [17:1]
      • [17:7] [1]
      • [17:7]
      • [17:8] [1]
      • [17:8] [2]
      • [17:22]
      • [17:23] [1]
      • [17:23]
      • [17:24]
      • [17:27]
      • [17:34]
      • [17:36]
      • [17:43]
      • [17:67]
      • [17:78]
      • [17:80]
      • [17:81]
      • [17:82] [A]
      • [17:82] [AA]
      • [17:82]
      • [17:88]
      • [17:110]
    • AL-KAHF: Chapter 18 >
      • [18:1]
      • [18:7]
      • [18:10]
      • [18:14-15]
      • [18:17]
      • [18:26]
      • [18:98]
    • MARYAM: Chapter 19 >
      • [19:4]
      • [19:30]
      • [19:64]
      • [19:76]
      • [19:93]
      • [19:95]
      • [19:96] A
      • [19:96]
    • TA HA: Chapter 20 >
      • [20:2-3]
      • [20:8]
      • [20:13]
      • [20:14]
      • [20:25-28]
      • [20:55]
      • [20:84]
      • [20:105]
      • [20:114]
      • [20:124]
    • AL-ANBIYA': Chapter 21 >
      • [21:25]
      • [21:30]
      • [21:31]
      • [21:32]
      • [21:33]
      • [21:46]
      • [21:83]
      • [21:87] [AA]
      • [21:87] [1]
      • [21:87] [2]
    • AL-HAJJ: Chapter 22 >
      • [22:1]
      • [22:23]
      • [22:34-35]
      • [22:41]
      • [22:46]
      • [22:54]
      • [22:54] [1]
      • [22:54] [2]
      • [22:58]
      • [22:77] [1]
      • [22:77] [2]
    • AL-MU'MINUN: Chapter 23 >
      • [23:1]
      • [23:2]
      • [23:4]
      • [23:9]
      • [23:10]
      • [23:14]
      • [23:117]
      • [23:118]
    • AN-NUR: Chapter 24 >
      • [24:22]
      • [24:24]
      • [24:26] Good Women
      • [24:26] Good Men
      • [24:26] Bad Women
      • [24:26] Bad Men
      • [24:29]
      • [24:35] [AA]
      • [24:35] [A]
      • [24:35]
      • [24:36]
      • [24:38]
      • [24:41]
      • [24:42]
      • [24:45]
      • [24:46]
      • [24:51]
      • [24:56]
    • AL-FURQAN: Chapter 25 >
      • [25:10]
      • [25:22]
      • [25:25]
      • [25:48]
      • [25:63]
      • [25:68]
      • [25:74]
    • ASH-SHU`ARA': Chapter 26 >
      • [26:62] [1]
      • [26:62]
      • [26:79-80]
      • [26:80]
      • [26:83] [A1]
      • [26:83] [A]
      • [26:83]
      • [26:84]
      • [26:87]
      • [26:109]
      • [26:129]
    • AN-NAML: Chapter 27 >
      • [27:18]
      • [27:62]
      • [27:74]
      • [27:81]
    • AL-QASAS: Chapter 28 >
      • [28:16]
      • [28:22]
      • [28:24]
      • [28:56]
      • [28:60]
      • [28:77]
      • [28:83]
    • AL-'ANKABUT: Chapter 29 >
      • [29:2]
      • [29:16]
      • [29:20]
      • [29:36]
      • [29:45]
      • [29:57]
      • [29:62]
      • [29:64]
    • AR-RUM: Chapter 30 >
      • [30:6]
      • [30:15]
      • [30:17]
      • [30:18]
      • [30:21]
      • [30:24]
      • [30:40]
      • [30:43]
      • [30:54]
      • [30:59] [A]
      • [30:59] [B]
    • LUQMAN: Chapter 31 >
      • [31:12]
      • [31:12] [A]
      • [31:13]
      • [31:14]
      • [31:16]
      • [31:17] A
      • [31:17]
      • [31:18]
      • [31:20] [A]
      • [31:20]
      • [31:27]
      • [31:28]
      • [31:34]
    • AS-SAJDAH: Chapter 32 >
      • [32:15]
      • [32:18]
      • [32:20]
    • AL-AHZAB: Chapter 33 >
      • [33:9]
      • [33:40]
      • [33:41] [1]
      • [33:41] [2]
      • [33:41] [3]
      • [33:41-42]
      • [33:56]
      • [33:59]
      • [33:63]
      • [33:64]
      • [33:66]
      • [33:70] [1]
      • [33:70] [2]
      • [33:70] [3]
    • SABA': Chapter 34 >
      • [34:1]
      • [34:13]
      • [34:30]
    • FATIR: Chapter 35 >
      • [35:1]
      • [35:2]
      • [35:3]
      • [35:5] [1]
      • [35:5]
      • [35:6]
      • [35:15]
      • [35:28]
      • [35:43]
    • YA-SEEN: Chapter 36 >
      • [36:40]
      • [36:51]
      • [36:55-58]
      • [36:58]
      • [36:65]
      • [36:73]
      • [36:74]
      • [36:82] [1]
      • [36:82]
      • [36:82] [A]
    • AS-SAFFAT: Chapter 37 >
      • [37:4]
      • [37:25]
      • [37:102]
      • [37:182]
    • SAD: Chapter 38 >
      • [38:29] [A]
      • [38:29]
      • [38:49]
    • AZ-ZUMAR: Chapter 39 >
      • [39:22]
      • [39:23]
      • [39:28]
      • [39:36]
      • [39:37]
      • [39:53]
      • [39:66]
    • GHAFIR: Chapter 40 >
      • [40:3]
      • [40:18]
      • [40:39]
      • [40:41]
      • [40:60]
      • [40:60] A
      • [40:65]
    • FUSSILAT: Chapter 41 >
      • [41:30]
      • [41:33]
      • [41:34]
      • [41:37]
    • ASH-SHURA: Chapter 42 >
      • [42:4]
      • [42:25]
    • AZ-ZUKHRUF: Chapter 43 >
      • [43:3]
      • [43:13-14]
      • [43:45]
      • [43:62]
      • [43:67]
    • AD-DUKHAN: Chapter 44 >
      • [44:8]
      • [44:28-29]
    • AL-JATHIYAH: Chapter 45 >
      • [45:8]
      • [45:15]
      • [45:26]
    • AL-AHQAF: Chapter 46 >
      • [46:5]
      • [46:15]
    • MUHAMMAD: Chapter 47 >
      • [47:7]
      • [47:10]
      • [47:15]
      • [47:19]
      • [47:36]
    • AL-FATH: Chapter 48 >
      • [48:9]
    • AL-HUJURAT: Chapter 49 >
      • [49:10]
      • [49:12]
      • [49:13] [1]
      • [49:13]
      • [49:15]
      • [49:15] [B]
    • QAF: Chapter 50 >
      • [50:6] [1]
      • [50:6]
      • [50:16]
    • ADH-DHARIYAT: Chapter 51 >
      • [51:22]
      • [51:49]
      • [51:50]
      • [51:55] A
      • [51:55]
      • [51:56]
      • [51:58]
    • AT-TUR: Chapter 52 >
      • [52:35-36]
      • [52:35]
    • AN-NAJM: Chapter 53 >
      • [53:32]
      • [53:38] [A]
      • [53:38]
      • [53:58] [1]
      • [53:58]
      • [53:62]
    • AL-QAMAR: Chapter 54 >
      • [54:17] [A]
      • [54:17]
      • [54:54]
    • AR-RAHMAN: Chapter 55 >
      • [55:13]
      • [55:17]
      • [55:33]
      • [55:41] A
      • [55:41]
      • [55:78]
    • AL-WAQI'AH: Chapter 56 >
      • [56:60]
      • [56:60] [A]
      • [56:68-69]
    • AL-HADID: Chapter 57 >
      • [57:1]
      • [57:3] [A]
      • [57:3]
      • [57:4]
      • [57:20] [1]
      • [57:20]
      • [57:22]
      • [57:25]
    • AL-MUJADILAH: Chapter 58 >
      • [58:16]
      • [58:22]
    • AL-HASHR: Chapter 59 >
      • [59:1]
      • [59:18]
      • [59:19]
      • [59:19] [2]
      • [59:20]
      • [59:22]
      • [59:24]
    • AL-MUMTAHINAH: Chapter 60 >
      • [60:4]
      • [60:5] [A]
      • [60:5]
      • [60:8]
    • AS-SAFF: Chapter 61 >
      • [61:3]
      • [61:8]
      • [61:9]
      • [61:12]
    • AL-JUMU'AH: Chapter 62 >
      • [62:4]
      • [62:8] [A]
      • [62:8]
      • [62:9] [1]
      • [62:9] [2]
      • [62:9] [3]
      • [62:9] [4]
      • [62:9] [5]
      • [62:9] [6]
      • [62:9] [7]
      • [62:10]
      • [62:10] Remember ALLAH
    • AL-MUNAFIQUN: Chapter 63 >
      • [63:1]
      • [63:10-11]
    • AL-TAGHABUN: Chapter 64 >
      • [64:1]
      • [64:13 [A]
      • [64:13]
    • AT-TALAQ: Chapter 65 >
      • [65:3]
      • [65:2-3]
      • [65:4]
    • AT-TAHRIM: Chapter 66 >
      • [66:2]
      • [66:6]
      • [66:8]
      • [66:11]
      • [66:11] A
    • AL-MULK: Chapter 67 >
      • [67: 1]
      • [67:13]
      • [67: 19]
    • AL-QALAM: Chapter 68 >
      • [68:4]
      • [68:29]
      • [68:52]
      • [68:52] [1]
    • AL-HAQQAH: Chapter 69 >
      • [69:18]
    • AL-MA'ARIJ: Chapter 70 >
      • [70:24-25]
    • NUH: Chapter 71 >
      • [71:26]
    • AL-JINN: Chapter 72 >
      • [72:17]
    • AL-MUZAMMIL: Chapter 73 >
      • [73:15]
    • AL-MUDATHIR: Chapter 74 >
      • [74:54]
    • AL-QIYAMAH: Chapter 75 >
      • [75:1-5]
      • [75:3-4]
      • [75:4]
      • [75:17]
      • [75:22-25]
    • AL-INSAN: Chapter 76 >
      • [76:8]
      • [76:8-9]
      • [76:30]
    • AL-MURSALAT: Chapter 77 >
      • [77:28]
    • AN-NABA': Chapter 78 >
      • [78::8]
      • [78:31]
      • [78:40]
    • AN-NAZI'AT: Chapter 79 >
      • [79:30]
    • 'ABASA: Chapter 80 >
      • [80:24-27]
    • AT-TAKWIR: Chapter 81 >
      • [81:1]
    • AL-INFITAR: Chapter 82 >
      • [82:6-8]
      • [82:13]
    • AL-MUTAFFIFIN: Chapter 83 >
      • [83:6]
      • [83:22]
    • AL-INSHIQAQ: Chapter 84 >
      • [84:13-14]
    • AL-BURUJ: Chapter 85 >
      • [85:11] [1]
      • [85:11] [2]
      • [85:11] [3]
      • [85:14]
    • AT-TARIQ: Chapter 86 >
      • [86:13-14]
    • AL-A'LA: Chapter 87 >
      • [87:9-13]
      • [87:10-11]
      • [87:14]
      • [87:16-17]
      • [87:23]
    • AL-GHASHIYAH: Chapter 88 >
      • [88:11]
    • AL-FAJR: Chapter 89 >
      • [89:14]
      • [89:28-30]
      • [89:29-30]
    • AL-BALAD: Chapter 90 >
      • [90:4]
      • [90:8]
      • [90:10]
      • [90:12-15]
    • ASH-SHAMS: Chapter 91 >
      • [91:7-8]
    • AL-LAYL: Chapter 92 >
      • [92:5-7]
      • [92:8-10]
    • AD-DHUHA: Chapter 93 >
      • [93:3]
      • [93:4]
      • [93:5]
      • [93:6-7]
      • [93:7]
      • [93:8]
      • [93:9]
      • [93:10]
      • [93:11]
    • AL-INSHIRAH: Chapter 94 >
      • [94:1]
      • [94:4]
      • [94:5-6]
      • [94:7-8] [A]
      • [94:7-8]
    • AT-TIN: Chapter 95 >
      • [95:8]
    • AL-'ALAQ: Chapter 96 >
      • [96:1-5]
      • [96:3-4]
      • [96:13-14]
    • AL-QADR: Chapter 97 >
      • [97:1] A
      • [97:1]
      • [97:4]
    • AL-BAIYINAH: Chapter 98 >
      • [98:6]
      • [98:7] A
      • [98:7]
    • AZ-ZALZALAH: Chapter 99 >
      • [99:7]
      • [99:8]
      • [99:7-8]
    • AL-'ADIYAT: Chapter 100 >
      • [100:6]
    • AL-QARI'AH: Chapter 101 >
      • [101:2]
      • [101:3]
      • [101:4]
      • [101:5]
      • [101:7]
    • AT-TAKATHUR: Chapter 102 >
      • [102:1-3] A
      • [102:1-3]
      • [102:4-5]
    • AL-'ASR: Chapter 103 >
      • [103:1-3]
    • AL-HUMAZAH: Chapter 104 >
      • [104:1-4]
    • AL-FIL: Chapter 105 >
      • [105:1]
      • [105:2]
      • [105:3-4]
    • QURAYSH: Chapter 106 >
      • [106:1-4]
    • AL-MA'UN: Chapter 107 >
      • [107:1-2]
      • [107:1-3]
    • AL-KAUTHAR: Chapter 108 >
      • [108:1]
      • [108:2]
    • AL-KAFIRUN: Chapter 109 >
      • [109:2]
      • [109:5]
      • [109:6]
    • AN-NASR: Chapter 110 >
      • [110:1-3]
    • AL-MASAD: Chapter 111 >
      • [111:1-4]
    • AL-IKHLAS: Chapter 112 >
      • [112:1] Al-Ahad
      • [112:1]
      • [112:1-4]
      • [112:1-4] [A]
    • AL-FALAQ: Chapter 113 >
      • [113:1-5]
    • AN-NAS: Chapter 114 >
      • [114:1-6]
      • [114:1-6] [A]
  • QURAN: The Supplications
    • QURAN: The humble supplications >
      • [1] humble [2:286]
      • [1A] humble [2:286]
      • [2] humble [17:80]
      • [3] humble [12:101]
      • [4] humble [21:87]
      • [5] humble [2:128]
      • [6] humble [6:162]
      • [7] humble [14:40]
      • [8] humble [46:15]
      • [9] humble [2:201]
      • [10] humble [3:193]
      • [11] humble [3:16]
      • [12] humble [59:10]
      • Quran: The humble supplication [2:286]
      • Quran: The humble supplication [3:8]
      • Quran: The humble supplication [17:80]
      • Quran: The humble supplication [60:5]
      • Quran: The humble supplication [26:83]
      • Quran: The humble supplication [26:78-85]
    • Supplications from The Quran >
      • Quran: The Supplication [3:38]
      • Quran: The Supplication [3:53]
      • Quran: The Supplication [3:147]
      • Quran: The Supplication [7:126]
      • Quran: The Supplication [10:85-86]
      • Quran: The Supplication [11:47]
      • Quran: The Supplication [14:40-41]
      • Quran: The Supplication [18:10]
      • Quran: The Supplication [20:114]
      • Quran: The Supplication [28:24]
  • MUHAMMAD (pbuh): Prophet of Islam
    • MUHAMMAD (pbuh): Prophet Abraham's (pbuh) Prayer
    • MUHAMMAD (pbuh): Prophet's Mission
    • MUHAMMAD (pbuh): Coming Explained by The Bible
    • MUHAMMAD (pbuh): In The Quran
    • MUHAMMAD (pubh): Farewell Sermon
    • MUHAMMAD (pbuh): Words of Wisdom
    • MUHAMMAD (pbuh): Scholar' Opinions
  • ABRAHAM (pbuh): ALLAH'S Special Friend
    • ABRAHAM (pbuh): ALLAH'S Everlasting Tributes
    • ABRAHAM (pbuh): Prophet Muhammad's (pbuh) Tributes to His Father Abraham
    • HAGAR (Hajar): Oft Forgotten Mother of Believers
    • ABRAHAM (pbuh): How many sons did Prophet Abraham (pbuh) had?
  • ISLAM: In ALLAH’S Sight, The only True Religion
    • ISLAM: ALLAH'S Plan for The Mankind
    • ISLAM: True Religion in Sight of ALLAH
    • ISLAM: ALLAH Will Make ISLAM Prevail ........
  • ISLAM: The Tenets of Faith
    • SHAHADA: First Pillar of Islam >
      • SHAHADA: Prerequisite [Part 1]
      • SHAHADA: Prerequisite [Part 2]
      • SHAHADA: Prerequisite [Part 3]
      • SHAHADA: Power of La Ilaha
      • SHAHADA: Name of Muhammad in Shahada
    • PRAYERS: Second Pillar of Islam >
      • PRAYERS: Introduction
      • PRAYERS: Excellence of
      • PRAYERS: Merits of at Prescribed Times
    • ZAKAT: Third Pillar of Islam >
      • ZAKAT: The Obligatory Giving
      • ZAKAH: Unveiling and Understanding Divine Mercy
      • ZAKAT: In ALLAH'S Quran
      • ZAKAT: Explained by The Prophet (pbuh)
      • SADAQA: Voluntary Benevolence (Voluntary Charity)
      • ZAKAT/SADAQA: Benevolence, for The Love of ALLAH
    • RAMADAN [Fasting]: Fourth Pillar of Islam >
      • [1] RAMADAN: A Glorious Observance Enjoined
      • [2] RAMADAN: A Tenet of Faith in Islam
      • [3] RAMADAN: ALLAH'S Laws
      • [4] RAMADAN: ALLAH'S Rewards
      • [5] RAMADAN: Explained By The Prophet (pbuh)
      • [6] RAMADAN: Blessings of The Month of Ramadan
      • [7] RAMADAN: Prophet's Welcome
      • [8] RAMADAN: A humble Welcome
      • [1] Know ALLAH [20:14]
      • [2] Know ALLAH [59:22]
      • [3] Know ALLAH [59:24]
      • [4] Know ALLAH [35:1]
      • [5] Know ALLAH [14:32]
    • RAMADAN: The Month of Patience, Mercy, Forgiveness, Benevolence .... >
      • [1] RAMADAN - Inspiration
      • [2] RAMADAN - Inspiration [7:52]
      • [3] RAMADAN - Inspiration
      • [4] RAMADAN - Inspiration
      • [5] RAMADAN - Inspiration
      • [6] RAMADAN - Inspiration
      • [7] RAMADAN - Inspiration
      • [8] RAMADAN - Inspiration
      • [9] RAMADAN - Inspiration
      • [10] RAMADAN - Inspiration
      • [11] RAMADAN - Inspiration
      • [12] RAMADAN - Inspiration
      • [13] RAMADAN - Inspiration
      • [14] RAMADAN - Inspiration
      • [15] RAMADAN - Inspiration
      • [16] RAMADAN - Inspiration
      • [17] RAMADAN - Inspiration
      • [18] RAMADAN - Inspiration
      • [19] RAMADAN - Inspiration
      • [20] RAMADAN - Inspiration
      • [21] RAMADAN - Inspiration
      • [22] RAMADAN - Inspiration
      • [23] RAMADAN - Inspiration
      • [24] RAMADAN - Inspiration
      • [25] RAMADAN - Inspiration
      • [26] RAMADAN - Inspiration
      • [27] RAMADAN - Inspiration
      • [28] RAMADAN - Inspiration
      • [29] RAMADAN - Inspiration
      • [30] RAMADAN - Inspiration
      • [31] RAMADAN - Inspiration
      • [32] RAMADAN - Inspiration
      • [33] RAMADAN - Inspiration
      • [34] RAMADAN - Inspiratiion
      • [35] RAMADAN - Inspiration
      • [36] A RAMADAN - Inspiration
      • [36] RAMADAN - Inspiration
      • [37] RAMADAN - Inspiration
      • [38] RAMADAN - Inspiration
      • [39] RAMADAN - Inspiration
      • [40] RAMADAN - Inspiration
      • Farewell Ramadan
      • EID-UL-FITR >
        • [1] Eid-ul-Fitr Mubarak
        • [2] Eid-ul-Fitr Mubarak
        • [3] Eid-ul-Fitr Mubarak
        • [4] Eid-ul-Fitr Mubarak
        • [5] Eid-ul-Fitr Mubarak
        • [6] Eid-ul-Fitr Mubarak
        • [7] Eid-ul-Fitr Mubarak
    • HAJJ [Pilgrimage]: Fifth Pillar of Islam >
      • HAJJ: The Obligation of The Mankind
      • THE OBLIGATION OF HAJJ [22:27]
      • HAJJ: Our LORD Accept from us
      • HAJJ: In The Footsteps of Prophet Abraham (pbuh)
      • HAJJ: Answering Prophet Abraham's Call
      • The Blessed Day of HAJJ
      • Eid-ul-Adha Mubarak [A]
      • Eid-ul-Adha Mubarak
      • The Day of Arafat, The Day of Rahmah
  • PRAYERS: A Sacred Duty
    • PRAYERS: A Duty Enjoined, for Male and Female, without Exceptions
    • PRAYERS: A Sacred Duty, where ever you may be ...
    • BADR: Prayers A Sacred Duty
    • ARABIA: Prayers A Sacred Duty
    • CHINA: Prayers A Sacred Duty
    • KOREA: Prayers A Sacred Duty
    • MOSCOW: Prayer a Sacred Duty
    • CAR BOOT: Prayers A Sacred Duty
    • IN THE SEA: Prayers A Sacred Duty
    • TOKYO: Prayers a Sacred Duty
    • ON THE BUSES: Prayers A Sacred Duty
    • WASHINGTON: Prayers A Sacred Duty
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[A copy of Uthman's Mus'haf, kept in Topkapi Palace in Istanbul]
Since it is well accepted in academic circles that both the Torah of the Jews and the New Testament of the Christians have changed over the centuries, European academics erroneously believed the same must be true about the Quran.

How Do We Know the Quran is Unchanged? 

4/26/2014 - Education Religious - Article Ref: LI1404-5728
By: Firas Alkhateeb 
Lost Islamic History* - 
    
The awakening of Europe from the Dark Ages and the subsequent intellectual enlightenment of the 1600s-1800s was one of the most powerful movements in modern history. It brought to Europe a dedication to empirical science, critical thinking, and intellectual discourse. Much of this was imported from the Muslim world's intellectual history, through Muslim entry points into Europe such as Spain, Sicily, and Southeast Europe.

This rise in intellectual work coincided with a period of European imperialism and colonialism over the Muslim world. European nations such as England, France, and Russia slowly conquered portions of the Muslim world, dividing it among themselves. Thus the intellectual enlightenment, coupled with imperialism over the Muslim world, led to what the Europeans saw as a critical study of Islam, its history, beliefs, and teachings. This movement is known as Orientalism. One of the greatest shortcomings of Orientalism, however, is the analysis of Islamic history on European terms, discarding the centuries of academic work put in by great Muslim minds since the time of the Prophet Muhammad PBUH.

One of the most dangerous aspects of Orientalism was the European study of the origins of the Quran. Since it is well accepted in academic circles that both the Torah of the Jews and the New Testament of the Christians have changed over the centuries, European academics erroneously believed the same must be true about the Quran. Their efforts to prove their belief that the Quran has been changed and is not authentic led to studies and works of questionable intention and low scholarly merit. This article will critically analyze the origins of the Quran, its transmission, and its compilation, to understand why Muslims accept the copies of the Quran they have in their homes to be the exact same words that were spoken by Prophet Muhammad PBUH in the early 600s AD.

The Promise to Protect

Muslims believe that Allah has already promised to protect the Quran from the change and error that happened to earlier holy texts. Allah states in the Quran in Surat al-Hijr, verse 9:

إِنَّا نَحْنُ نَزَّلْنَا الذِّكْرَ وَإِنَّا لَهُ لَحَافِظُونَ

"Indeed, it is We who sent down the Quran and indeed, We will be it's guardian."

For Muslims, this verse of promise from Allah is enough to know that He will indeed protect the Quran from any errors and changes over time. For people who do not accept the authenticity of the Quran in the first place, however, clearly this verse cannot serve as proof of its authenticity, since it is in the Quran itself. It is from here that the academic discussion begins.

Narration of the Quran to the Companions

The revelation of the Quran was not an isolated event in time. It was a constant stream of verses descending to Muhammad PBUH throughout the 23 years of his prophethood in Makkah and Madinah. The Prophet PBUH appointed numerous Companions of his to serve as scribes, writing down the latest verses as soon as they were revealed. Mu'awiya ibn Abu Sufyan and Zaid bin Thabit were among the scribes who had this duty. For the most part, new verses would be written on scraps of bone, hide, or parchment, since paper had not yet been imported from China. It is important to note that Muhammad PBUH would have the scribes read back the verses to him after writing them down so he can proofread and make sure there were no errors.1

To further ensure that there were no errors, Muhammad PBUH ordered that no one records anything else, not even his words, hadith, on the same sheet as Quran. Regarding the sheets that the Quran was being written down on, he stated "and whoever has written anything from me other than the Quran should erase it"2. This was done to ensure that no other words were accidentally thought to be part of the text of the Quran.

It is important to understand, however, that physical writing down of the Quran was not the main way that the Quran was recorded. Arabia in the 600s was an oral society. Very few people could read and write, thus huge emphasis was placed on ability to memorize long poems, letters, and other messages. Before Islam, Makkah was a center of Arabic poetry. Annual festivals were held every year that brought together the best poets from all over the Arabian Peninsula. Exuberant attendees would memorize the exact words that their favorite poets recited and quote them years and decades later.

Thus, in this type of oral society, the vast majority of the Companions learned and recorded the Quran by memorization. In addition to their natural ability to memorize, the rhythmic nature of the Quran made its memorization much easier.

The Quran was not narrated to just a few select Companions. It was heard and memorized by hundreds and thousands of people, many of them travelers to Madinah. Thus, chapters and verses of the Quran quickly spread during the life of the Prophet PBUH to all corners of the Arabian Peninsula. Those who had heard verses from the Prophet PBUH would go and spread them to tribes far away, who would also memorize them. In this way, the Quran achieved a literary status known among the Arabs as mutawatir. Mutawatir means that it was so vastly disseminated to so many different groups of people, who all had the same exact wording, that it is inconceivable that that any one person or group could have falsified it. Some sayings of the Prophet PBUH are known to be authentic through it being mutawatir, but the entire Quran itself is accepted as being mutawatir, because of its wide spread during the life of the Prophet PBUH through oral means.

Collection After the Death of the Prophet PBUH

We have thus far seen that the way the Quran was taught to the numerous Companions of the Prophet PBUH prevented it from being subject to the protection of a few people. As verses became widespread across the Islamic world, it was impossible for those verses to be changed without Muslims in other parts of the world noticing and correcting them. Furthermore, during the life of Prophet Muhammad PBUH, the angel Jibreel would recite the entire Quran with him once a year, during Ramadan. When the Quran was finished being revealed near the end of the Prophet PBUH's life, he made sure that numerous companions knew the entire Quran by heart.

During the reigns of the first caliphs, however, a need to compile all the verses into a central book arose. Taking preemptive action, the caliphs who ruled the Muslim world after the death of the Prophet PBUH feared that if the number of people who had the Quran memorized dipped too low, the community would be in danger of losing the Quran forever. As a result, the first caliph, Abu Bakr, who ruled from 632 to 634, ordered a committee be organized, under the leadership of Zaid bin Thabit, to collect all the written pieces of Quran that were spread throughout the Muslim community. The plan was to collect them all into one central book that could be preserved in case the people who had the Quran memorized died out.

Zaid was very meticulous about who he accepted verses from. Because of the enormous responsibility of not accidentally altering the words of the Quran, he only accepted pieces of parchment with Quran on them had to have been written down in the presence of the Prophet PBUH and there had to be two witnesses who can attest to that fact.3 These fragments of Quran that he collected were each compared with the memorized Quran itself, ensuring that there was no discrepancy between the written and oral versions.

When the task was completed, a finalized book of all the verses was compiled and presented to Abu Bakr, who secured it in the archives of the young Muslim state in Madinah. It can be assumed with certainty that this copy that Abu Bakr had matched exactly the words that Muhammad PBUH had spoken because of the numerous memorizers of Quran present in Madinah, coupled with the disseminated pieces of parchment on which it was recorded. Had there been discrepancies, the people of Madinah would have raised the issue. There is, however, no record of any opposition to Abu Bakr's project or its outcome.

The Mus'haf of Uthman

During the caliphate of Uthman, from 644 to 656, a new issue regarding the Quran arose in the Muslim community: pronunciation. During the life of the Prophet PBUH, the Quran was revealed in seven different dialects - qira'as. The dialects differed slightly in their pronunciation of certain letters and words, but the overall meaning was unchanged. These seven dialects were not an innovation brought in by corruption of the Quran in later years, as it was mentioned by the Prophet PBUH himself, and there are numerous sayings of his describing the authenticity of all seven dialects that are recorded in the hadith compilations of Bukhari and Muslim. The reason for there being different dialects for the Quran was to make it easier for different tribes around the Arabian Peninsula to learn and understand it.

During Uthman's reign, people coming into the Muslim world at its periphery, in places like Persia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, and North Africa were beginning to learn the Quran. An issue arose for them when it came to pronunciation of words, as they would hear different Arabs pronouncing the same verses differently. Although the different pronunciations were sanctioned by the Prophet PBUH and there was no inherent harm in people reciting and teaching them, it led to confusion among new non-Arab Muslims.

Uthman responded by commissioning a group to come together, organize the Quran according to the dialect of the tribe of Quraysh (the Prophet PBUH's tribe), and spread the Qurayshi dialect to all parts of the empire. Uthman's team (which again included Zaid bin Thabit) compiled a Quran into one book (known as a mus'haf - from the word for page, sahifa) based on first hand manuscripts along with the memories of the best Quran reciters of Madinah. This mus'haf was then compared with the copy that Abu Bakr commissioned, to make sure there were no discrepancies. Uthman then ordered numerous copies of the mus'haf to be made, which were sent to far off provinces throughout the empire, along with reciters who would teach the masses the Quran.

Because the Quran was now compiled and being produced on a regular basis, there was no need for the numerous fragments of verses that people had in their possession. He thus ordered that those fragments be destroyed so they cannot be used in the future to cause confusion among the masses. Although Orientalists use this incident to try to prove the erroneous claim that there were some discrepancies that Uthman wanted to eliminate, that is a simplistic way of looking at the event. The entire community in Madinah, including numerous eminent Companions such as Ali ibn Abi Talib, willingly went along with this plan, and no objections were voiced. Had he been eliminating legitimate differences, the people of Madinah would have surely objected or even revolted against Uthman, neither of which happened. Instead, the mus'haf of Uthman was accepted by the entire community as authentic and correct.

The Script of the Quran

Another complaint that Orientalists make deals with the fact that the Mus'haf of Uthman lacked any diacritical marks (dots that differentiated the letters and vowel markings). The letters seen in his mus'haf are thus just the skeletal base of Arabic letters. For example, the word قيل (he said), without diacritical marks would look like this: ڡٮل. According to the claims of Orientalists, a reader can then read the word as فيل (elephant), قبل (before), or قَبّل (he kissed). Clearly, reading such different words would have a huge difference in meaning. Orientalists such as the Australian professor of the early 1900s, Arthur Jeffery, claim that Uthman's copy of the Quran, with its lack of diacritical marks made it possible for variant readings, and thus variant meanings to exist, making the Quran today not authentic.

There are numerous flaws in this argument:

First, the fact that Uthman sent reciters with his copies of the mus'haf is of huge importance. We must remember that the main way the Quran was preserved was orally, and the written copies were only meant to be a supplement to oral recitation. If someone already has a verse memorized, the skeletal letters in a copy of Uthman's mus'haf served only as a visual aid when reciting. To illustrate this example, we can look at the following inscription on the inside of the Dome of the Rock, in Jerusalem. The building was built in the late 600s and features one of the oldest calligraphic inscriptions in Arabic on the inside of the building, written in the same Kufic script as Uthman's mus'haf:

Dome of the Rock Inscription

For someone familiar with the Arabic language and some basic common phrases regarding the supremacy of Allah, it is easy to make out what this part of the inscription says:

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم لا اله الا الله وحده لا

شريك له له الملك و له الحمد يحي و يميت و هو

على كل شئ قدير محمد عبد الله و رسوله

In the name of God, the Merciful the Compassionate. There is no god but God. He is One. He has no associate. Unto Him belongeth sovereignity and unto Him belongeth praise. He quickeneth and He giveth death; and He has Power over all things. Muhammad is the servant of God and His Messenger.

In the same way as this passage, the mus'haf of Uthman could be easily read by someone who was familiar with the verses and the Arabic script. Thus the claim that the lack of diacritical marks makes it impossible to know what the original word was is clearly baseless.

A page from the Uthmani Mus'haf showing part of Surat Muhammad. Note the lack of diacritical marks.

The second problem with the claims of Orientalists like Jeffery deals with the idea of reading a word completely wrong based on the lack of diacritical marks. Let us assume for a moment that there are no reciters around to explain how a verse should be read from Uthman's mus'haf and someone comes across the word ڡٮل. As we stated earlier, this can be a number of different words based on where the diacritical marks are. However, from context clues, an educated reader can easily figure out what word it is supposed to be. It is almost impossible for a reader to replace the word "before" with "elephant" and have the sentence still make sense. While in some cases a reader may accidentally replace one word with another that still makes sense, these occasions are rare with the way the Arabic language is set up, and all that is still assuming there are no Quranic reciters around to guide the reader.

Over time, during the 700s and 800s, diacritical marks began being added to the mus'hafs throughout the Muslim world. This was done as the Muslim world shifted from an oral to a written society, to further facilitate reading from a copy of the Quran, and to eliminate errors by people who did not already know the verses they were reading. Today, almost all modern mus'hafs include diacritical marks on the skeletal letters along with vowel markings to make reading easier.

The Isnad System

One of the most pressing issues in the eyes of the early Muslims was the protection of the sanctity of the Quran. Numerous times throughout the Quran and sayings of the Prophet PBUH, the Muslims are reminded that the Jews and Christians corrupted their texts over time, which now cannot be taken as authentic. As a result, early Muslims developed a system for ensuring that the Quran and hadith would not be subject to change by human error, either intentional or unintentional.

The system that developed is known as the isnad system. The isnad system emphasized the sanad, of a particular saying. For example, in the hadith compilation of Bukhari, each hadith is preceded by a chain of narrators that goes from Bukhari back to the Prophet Muhammad PBUH. This chain is known as a sanad. To ensure that the hadith is authentic, each narrator in the chain must be known to be reliable, have a good memory, be trustworthy, and have other righteous qualities.

Part of the Arabic inscription in the Kufic script inside the Dome of the Rock, built in 691
The early Islamic community placed huge emphasis on this system for determining the authenticity of hadith as well as verses from the Quran. If someone were to claim to have had a verse that was not in the canonical text of Uthman's mus'haf, scholars would look at the chain that person claimed went back to the Prophet PBUH and determined from it if there was a chance that it was authentic. Clearly, anyone forging verses of the Quran would not be able to connect it to the Prophet PBUH, and his/her claim would be discounted according to the isnad system.

The isnad system thus worked to preserve the sanctity of the Quran as well as the hadith, as it prevented people from making erroneous claims that could then be accepted as fact. Through the focus on the the reliability of the sanad, the reliability of the verses or hadith themselves could be ascertained. Zaid bin Thabit used a proto-isnad system in his work compiling the Quran during the caliphate of Abu Bakr, and the growth of the isnad system in subsequent decades helped protect the text from being altered in any way.

Conclusions

This article is not meant to be a fully exhaustive study of the history of the Quran. The scholarship of hundreds of people throughout Islamic history to ensure the sanctity of the Quran cannot be boiled down to a few thousand words. However, it is clear through the introductory issues mentioned here that the text of the Quran clearly was not altered from the time of Muhammad PBUH to the present day. The fact that it was so widespread during his life helped ensure that any malicious attempts to change the words of the holy book would be futile. The meticulous compilation of the text by Abu Bakr and Uthman served as a backup system in case the oral preservation of the Quran was lost. Finally, the isnad system helped ensure any claims to add to or remove from the Quran could not pass by a scholarly process that was central to the preservation of Islam itself.

In conclusion, the claims of Orientalists that the Quran has been changed overtime as the Bible and Torah have are clearly misleading. There is no evidence backing up the idea that the Quran has changed, and attempts to prove that it has are based on rudimentary and uneducated understandings of the history of the Quranic text.

Edited from:
http://www.islamicity.com/articles/articles.asp?ref=LI1404-5728&p=1
and
http://www.islamicity.com/articles/articles.asp?ref=LI1404-5728&p=2

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